These tips are searchable and linked to the bluebook content they address. Additionally, type the phrase emphasis added and enclose it in brackets directly after the emphasized words to indicate to the reader. Only alphabetize by title if two pieces have the same authors, in the same order. Looking to rule 12, the bluebook states that one always uses the title number first, followed by the abbreviation of the code cited. Compare author names in the order that they are listed. These pieces may indicate the fourpar t division of the world, with an added cambridge dictionary plus my profile. That is the bluebook rule addressing the broader question of how to signal any number of alterations a writer might make to a quoted passage. However, you may occasionally want to italicize words in a quotation to call special attention to them. For example, if you choose to participate in writeon, you will. Paralegal career for dummies, 2nd edition for dummies careereducation. When you cite a website in bluebook format, try to look for an example in the bluebook guide to copy from.
This is the american english rule this newsletter, the blue book of grammar and punctuation, and. Emphasizing words in a direct quotation apa writing commons. To the maroon books authors, the bluebook commits the most heinous of sins. As youll see below, for example, opinions of the u. Remember that the bluebook can almost always provide you with a correct abbreviation, should it be the name of a journal, the name of the reporter, case name, court name, etc. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon which they rely in their work. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2.
The second example differs because quoting and citing. If the original source is in writing, and already has bold, underlined, or italic text, it is just as important to include the notation, emphasis in original to avoid any confusion. Periods with quotation marks grammar and punctuation. Often on every page, and sometimes for a paragraph or more. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases in citations that they should not be italicized when introducing the citation in. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebook s white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. Additionally, type the phrase emphasis added and enclose it in brackets directly after the emphasized words to indicate to the reader that the emphasis is not present in the original text. The bluebook was released in its nineteenth edition in 2010. How should words emphasized by the writer be indicated in a direct quotation.
It can turn out to be easier than reading and applying a rule. Study 256 bluebook rules 1 11 flashcards on studyblue. Capito, i love to read millions of crappy articles every day, 64 wash. Adds instruction on how to cite to an excerpt or partial reprint. If a case is published in a reporter, the bluebook prescribes which reporter is. Indicate whether italics were used in the original text or whether they were added later. That is the bluebook rule addressing the broader question of how to signal any. Emphasis added one only needs to add the notation of emphasis added when emphasis has, in fact, been added. When drafting legal pleadings and briefs, the drafter will frequently quote passages from published court opinions or other legal authorities to make a point of law. Additional information about an authority may be given parenthetically bluebook rule 1. It may not be required but it clarifies that you didnt simply forget to note emphasis added after adding the emphasis based on your own preference. The problem is the overuse of emphasis, and ill admit that i was once.
By emphasis, i mean the adding bold or underline or italics to the font in a sentence or longer section of a brief in order to emphasize the importance of the text to the reader. Wtf bluebook even more bluebooking errors in the bluebook. On occasion, however, scholars have looked behind the bluebook, to examine accepted rules of legal citation that are codified in it. I remember getting the updated bluebook with rules for citing tweets and thinking, when would this ever happen. Use no signal, for example, when directly quoting an authority or when restating numerical data from an authority. Citation format examples for footnotes general rules times new roman, size 10, 1 line spacing, justified. The first nine rules in the bluebook apply to all of the other rules and they are all about style. The opinions of a given court or jurisdiction are often published in more than one reporter. She said she would consider a very short extension of the deadline, but only under the most extraordinary circumstances emphasis added.
Censoring objectionable content if the original material contains language you deem inappropriate for your audience, brackets can be used to remove it. Some lawyers must really like the use of emphasis in a brief. Emphasizing words in a direct quotation apa writing. The editors provide authoritative guidance to reasonable questions on subjects covered by the bluebook. Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law.
Presented by the academic achievement program october 25, 2011. Most articles about the bluebook treat it as an artifact, as an object to be evaluated. Where do you indicate that emphasis has been added to the quotation. Primary authorities bluebook citations libguides at. Look to table 1 for the abbreviations for federal statutes.
The constitutional provisions, treaties, statutes, ordinances, and regulations involved in the case, set out verbatim with appropriate citation. Never place the period outside the quotation marks. Signals indicate the degree of support given by cited authority. Include material that would otherwise be included in parenthetical explanations as part of the sentence itself, and do not italicize the signals. See, for example, johnson, 605 f2d at 1125 emphasis added discussing. The most useful answers are gathered here as blue tips, classified by subject. Use italics to add emphasis to a specific word or words in a direct quotation that were not originally emphasized by the author. In almost all cases you should transcribe a quotation exactly as it appears in the source. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. Longer quotations 50 words or more and shorter quotations to which the author wishes to give special emphasis are set off from the text by being. If our answer is useful to bluebookers generally, it may be formulated into a new tip, below.
This part outlines where vlr conventions depart from the bluebook, adds additional rules, and seeks to clarify some of the more obscure bluebook rules. If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parentheticals in the citation sentence. For further discussion of this issue, see, for example, flores v. A guide for students and practitioners legal citation, third edition. Presented by the academic achievement program october. California style manual for many years, the california style manual has served as the official guide for styling citations to legal materials in documents filed with state courts in california. Their example has the emphasized language italicized and the emphasis added in parentheses, but not italicized or bolded. When writers do not signal a citation, the cited authority states the proposition, is the source of the cited quotation or identifies an authority referred to in.
The bluebook signals the importance of quotations in legal. Examples of added emphasis in a sentence, how to use it. Funny thing is, another six of the first ten time stamps that include est were also incorrectly used for emails or postings sent on dates during daylight times, for a rate of only a thirty percent correct usage. For example, several cases following a see signal must be placed in order according to court, chronology, and sometimes alphabetically. Cleaning up quotations jack metzler judges and lawyers. Bluebook rules 1 11 legal studies bluebook with none. To note added emphasis, put emphasis added in a parenthetical in the citation. Parenthetical use is governed in part by the bluebook and in part by our own writing objectives. With each version, ask your students how readers are likely to react. Parentheticals bluebook citation libguides at florida.
Effective january 1, 2008, however, california rule of court, rule 1. You may want to examine this list in conjunction with the bluebook, which contains additional examples and citations tips. Similar parenthetical notices to be appended to citations as appropriate include emphasis added and citations omitted. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases in citations that they should not be italicized when introducing the citation in a related authority parenthetical. Using your abbreviation from table 1, you can return to rule 12 and cite the statute final product. In footnotes, signals may be used as the verbs of textual sentences. Excessive use of ellipses and brackets may make readers wonder if important things had been cut.
Heres the response he received from a bluebook editor emphasis added. Excessive use of emphasis added tends to make readers feel a bit browbeaten. When, as here, the plaintiff is a public figure, he cannot recover unless he. If the provisions involved are lengthy, their citation alone suffices at this point, and their pertinent text, if not already set out in the petition for a writ of certiorari, jurisdictional. And note that these rules were chosen based on personal. Prior to this years twentieth edition, the bluebook itself provided no guidance on when a writer could or should omit internal quotation marks. For example, if you are citing a secondary authority with a title, consult rule 8 capitalization, to know whether you need to capitalize certain words or not.
Some of the most obscure bluebook rules or how to really. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is an adapted version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the bluebook, 20th ed. Adds example for general citation format for court filings. If the drafter wishes to call particular attention to a word or words within the.
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